Introduction

• Ocular manifestations of HIV infection can be divided by anterior or posterior segment involvement and by infectious or noninfectious etiology
• Posterior-segment infectious diseases are typically the result of immunodeficiency
• Incidence of ocular opportunistic infections decreased significantly after the introduction of effective ART and are rare where ART is widely available^{[Palella 1998; Holtzer 1998; Jabs 2007]}

Ocular manifestations of HIV can involve any portion of the eye and can be divided by anterior or posterior segment involvement and by infectious or noninfectious etiology. Typically, posterior-segment infectious diseases are the result of an immunocompromised state and are considered ocular opportunistic infections. The incidence of ocular opportunistic infections decreased by 75% to 80% in patients with HIV after the introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy in the mid-1990s....