Introduction

• Without access to ART, kidney disease is largely driven by patients’ genetics, demographics, and HIV infection itself
• With access to ART, kidney disease is driven by non-HIV–related causes similar to those affecting the general population
• Kidney disease should prompt assessment of cardiovascular risk profile and treatment

The epidemiology of kidney disease in HIV-positive individuals has been evolving over the years, driven by multiple dynamic forces including genetic susceptibility, race, age, comorbid conditions (diabetes, hypertension, and coinfection with hepatitis...