Without access to ART, kidney disease is largely driven by patients’ genetics, demographics, and HIV infection itself
With access to ART, kidney disease is driven by non-HIV–related causes similar to those affecting the general population
Kidney disease should prompt assessment of cardiovascular risk profile and treatment
Microalbuminuria and Cardiovascular Risk
Increasing levels of microalbuminuria among persons with HIV associated with risks of cardiovascular events and heart failure in “dose-dependent” manner[Choi 2010]
In HIV-positive individuals, proteinuria is associated with more than 2-fold increased risk of cardiovascular event[George 2010]
Clinical Symptoms of Kidney Disease in People With HIV
Clinical symptoms associated with kidney disease generally vague and nonspecific
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